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This article introduces the relevant knowledge of "what is the distribution of linux?". In the operation of actual cases, many people will encounter such a dilemma. Then let the editor lead you to learn how to deal with these situations. I hope you can read it carefully and be able to achieve something!

Linux distributions are: 1, Red Hat;2, Ubuntu;3, CentOS;4, SuSE;5, Gentoo;6, Debian; 7, Fedora Core;8, Mandriva;9, KNOPPIX;10, Linux Mint and so on.

The operating environment of this tutorial: linux5.9.8 system, Dell G3 computer.

Technically, the Linux developed by Linus Torvaz is just a kernel. Kernel refers to a system software that provides device driver, file system, process management, network communication and other functions. The kernel is not a complete operating system, it is only the core of the operating system. Some organizations or manufacturers package the Linux kernel with various software and documents, and provide system installation interface and system configuration, configuration and management tools, which constitute the distribution version of Linux.

In the development of Linux kernel, various Linux distributions have played a great role, and they have promoted the application of Linux, which makes more people begin to pay attention to Linux. Therefore, it is not accurate to refer to Red Hat, Ubuntu, SUSE and so on directly as Linux. They are distributions of Linux, or rather, "operating system packages with Linux as the core."

Each distribution of Linux uses the same Linux kernel, so there is no compatibility problem in the kernel layer, and each version has a different feeling, which is only reflected in the outermost layer of the distribution (applications developed by publishers).

Linux distributions can be broadly divided into two categories:

A distribution maintained by a commercial company, represented by the famous Red Hat

A distribution maintained by community organizations, represented by Debian.

It's hard to say which of a large number of Linux versions is better, each with its own characteristics. The following is to introduce several commonly used Linux distributions.

1) Red Hat

Red Hat (Red Hat) was founded in 1993, is currently the world's senior Linux manufacturers, but also the most recognized Linux brand.

Red Hat's products mainly include RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, paid version) and CentOS (community clone version of RHEL, free version) and Fedora Core (developed from Red Hat desktop version, free version).

Red Hat is the most widely used Linux version in China, and it is rich in materials. If you do not understand anything, it is easy to find people to ask for advice, and most Linux tutorials take Red Hat as an example to explain (including this tutorial).

This tutorial takes CentOS, a Linux distribution commonly used by domestic Internet companies in China, as an example. It is a product of recompiling and removing the Red Hat trademark based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux source code. There is no difference between the paid version and the paid version, and it is completely free. The disadvantage is that it does not provide technical support to users and does not bear any business responsibility. Powerful companies can choose a paid version.

2) Ubuntu

Ubuntu based on the well-known Debian Linux developed, user-friendly, easy to use, hardware support is very comprehensive, is the most suitable for desktop Linux distribution, and all distributions of Ubuntu are available free of charge.

Mark Shuttleworth, the founder of Ubuntu, is a very legendary figure. He founded a security consulting firm after graduating from college, which was acquired for $575 million in 1999, making him the youngest and brightest homegrown millionaire in South Africa. As an avid astronomer, Mark Shuttleworth spent eight days aboard the Russian Soyuz spacecraft on the International Space Station in 2002. After that, Mark Shuttleworth founded the Ubuntu Community, established the Ubuntu Foundation on July 1, 2005, and invested US $10 million in the foundation. What he saw in space, he said, was the spirit in which he founded Ubuntu. Today, his favorite thing is to go around giving promotional speeches for the free and open source Ubuntu.

3) CentOS

CentOS is a product of recompiling the source code of RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux). Because Linux is the operating system that develops the source code, it does not exclude redistribution based on the source code. CentOS recompiles and distributes the source code of the commercial Linux operating system RHEL, and corrects many known vulnerabilities on the basis of RHEL.

4) SuSE

SuSE, based on Slackware Linux, was originally a version of Linux released by SuSE Linux AG in Germany. In 1994, it released the first version, and the early version was only a commercial version. After being acquired by Novell in 2004, it established the OpenSUSE community and launched its own community version OpenSUSE.

SuSE L is popular in Europe, and it is also widely used in China. It is worth mentioning that it absorbs many of the characteristics of Red Hat Linux.

SuSE can easily interact with Windows, with excellent hardware detection, friendly installation process and graphic management tools, which is very convenient for end users and administrators.

5) Gentoo

Gentoo was originally created by Daniel Robbins, one of the developers of FreeBSD, and the first stable version was released in 2002. Gentoo is the most complex installation of all Linux distributions, and so far it still uses source packages to compile and install the operating system.

However, it is the most manageable version after installation and the fastest version running in the same hardware environment. Since the advent of Gentoo 1.0, it has been like a storm, bringing great surprises to the Linux world and attracting a large number of users and developers into the arms of Gentoo Linux.

Some people say that Gentoo is fast, clean and flexible, and it is famous for its high degree of customization (source code-based distribution). Although you can choose a precompiled package during installation, most users who use Gentoo choose to compile it manually. This is why Gentoo is suitable for veterans who have more experience with Linux.

It is important to note that because it takes a lot of time to compile software, it may take a long time if you compile all your software yourself and install larger packages such as the KDE desktop.

6) Debian

International organization's open source operating system (Debian)

Provides more than 37500 different free software with a high degree of recognition

There is free technical support for all kinds of kernel architecture with good support, strong stability and security.

Follow the GNU specification, 100% free, excellent network and community resources, powerful apt-get; but relatively easy to install, stable branch software is extremely out of date.

Official website: http://www.debian.org/

7) Fedora Core

Has a large number of Pang users, excellent community technical support. And there are many innovations.

8) Mandriva

The earliest Mandriva developers are based on redhat, using the GNOME desktop system by default, and Mandriva changed it to KDE, when Linux was generally difficult to install, so Mandriva simplified the system, with a friendly interface, graphical configuration tools, and huge community technical support, but some versions of bug were more, and the latest version was only released to club members of Mandriva.

9) KNOPPIX

KNOPPIX is a linux distribution based on debian and features include automatic hardware monitoring, support for common graphics cards, sound cards, SCSI and USB devices, and other peripherals.

KNOPPIX can be used for Linux demonstration, CD-ROM teaching, system first aid, after appropriate transformation, it can also be used for commercial software product demonstration. KNOPPIX uses a special decompression technology, does not need to install the hard disk, a CD, contains the 2GB executable program, for users to use freely.

Features: it can run directly on CD, has excellent hardware detection and adaptation ability, and can be used as the first aid plate of the system.

10) Linux Mint

Linux Mint is a Ubuntu-based distribution that was first released in 2006 by Clement Lefebvre, a French-born IT expert living in Ireland. Originally maintaining a Linux website dedicated to providing help, skills and documentation for new Linux users, the author saw the need to develop a Linux distribution dedicated to solving the problems of using more technical products and making them easier to use. After asking for feedback from visitors on his website, he went on to build what many people have mentioned as an "improved Ubuntu" or "Ubuntu complete". Note: Ubuntu is known for its ease of use and novice friendliness. It is conceivable that the goal of Mint goes further, making Linux closer to ordinary users.

11) Mageia

Mageia is a new release based on Mandriva Linux. This is a community-driven product and will not rely on any one company. They are forming a non-profit management organization to manage the members of the community.

Mageia, a branch of Mandriva Linux formed in September 2010, was created by former employees and contributors to the popular Linux distribution from France. Unlike the business entity Mandriva, the Mageia project is a community project and a non-profit organization that aims to develop a free Linux-based operating system.

The word "Mageia" comes from the Greek "μ α γ ε α", which corresponds to "magic" in English, that is, "magic". The name was inspired by magician Leon Mandrake, and Mandrake is also the original name of the Mandriva Linux distribution.

12) openSUSE

OpenSUSE is an open source project sponsored by Novell that aims to promote the widespread use of Linux and provides a free and easy way to get one of the best Linux distributions in the world: openSUSE. The openSUSE project gives Linux developers and enthusiasts everything they need to get started with Linux. The project is sponsored by SUSE and other companies. In 2011, Attachmate Group acquired Novell and operated Novell and SUSE as two independent subsidiaries. The openSUSE operating system and related open source programs are used by SUSE Linux Enterprise (such as SLES and SLED). OpenSUSE is completely free for individuals, including use and online updates.

13) Arch Linux

Arch Linux (or Arch / recent rt /) is a Linux distribution based on the x86-64 architecture. The system is mainly composed of free and open source software and supports community participation. The system design takes KISS principle (keep simple and stupid) as the overall guiding principle, pays attention to code correctness, elegance and minimalism, and expects users to be willing to understand the operation of the system. The software package manager for Arch Linux systems to install, remove, and update software is called pacman.

Arch Linux uses a rolling release mode to obtain system updates and the latest versions of the software. The system installation image simply contains only the main components of the system.

Arch Linux provides documentation in the form of a community Wiki, called Arch Wiki. The Wiki is often compiled with up-to-date information on specific topics, is widely recognized by the Linux community, and the content is also used in areas other than Arch Linux.

14) PCLinuxOS

PCLinuxOS is a completely open version of linux. Through the unremitting efforts of the PClinuxOS development team, linux enthusiasts are paying more and more attention to it. Adhering to the concept of "easy to use, safe and worry-free", PCLinuxOS has gradually grown into a stable and mature version. Without the help of big companies, PCLinuxOS's development team miraculously pushed such a civilian version of Linux to the pinnacle of the Linux world, and let Linux's open source and free spirit bloom with extreme brilliance. [1]

PCLinuxOS is a pure English self-boot CD-ROM that was originally based on Mandrake Linux (now renamed Mandriva). PCLinuxOS runs entirely from a bootable CD. The data on the CD is unzipped in real time, making it possible to integrate as many as 2G applications on the CD, including a complete X server, KDE desktop (there is already a separate distribution of gnome desktops by default), Office suites, Firefox web browser, xmms players, and more immediately available. In addition to being used as a self-booting CD, you can also install PCLinuxOS to your hard drive through an easy-to-use CD installer. Additional applications can be added or removed through a friendly apt-get front-end Synaptic.

PCLinuxOS is an excellent distribution, which is very popular abroad, and its attention is on a par with Ubuntu, Fedora and openSUSE.

The official download image does not include Chinese language files, but it does not hinder its good support for Chinese. (the Chinese community of PCLinuxOS in China has also released download images containing Chinese language packs.)

15) Slackware Linux

Slackware Linux is a GNU/Linux distribution developed by Patrick Volkerding that was created in 1993 and was originally based on Softlanding Linux System (SLS). Unlike many other distributions, it adheres to the KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid) principle. It will be difficult to configure the system at first, but more experienced users will like the transparency and flexibility of this approach. Many features of Slackware embody the principles of KISS. The most famous examples are textual system configuration that does not rely on graphical interfaces, traditional service management methods, and package management that does not solve dependencies.

16) FreeBSD

FreeBSD is a kind of UNIX-like operating system, which is an important branch of Unix developed from BSD, 386BSD and 4.4BSD. FreeBSD provides varying degrees of support for computer systems with different architectures. And some developers of the original BSD UNIX later turned to the development of FreeBSD, which made FreeBSD have great compatibility with UNIX in its internal structure and system API. Because of the loose legal terms of FreeBSD, its code is borrowed by many other systems, including Apple's macOS. It is because of the UNIX compatibility of macOS that macOS has obtained the UNIX trademark certification.

FreeBSD supports amd64 (x86 / 64), X86 (i386), ARM, AArch74, IA-64, PowerPC, PC-98, SPARC and other architectures (different versions support different versions) (see the official documentation for details).

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