Shulou(Shulou.com)05/31 Report--

This article is to share with you about the common commands in Linux. The editor thinks it is very practical, so share it with you as a reference and follow the editor to have a look.

1. System information

Processor architecture of arch display machine

Processor Architecture of uname-m display Machine

Uname-r shows the kernel version in use

Dmidecode-Q display hardware system components-(SMBIOS / DMI)

Hdparm-I / dev/hda lists the architectural features of a disk

Hdparm-tT / dev/sda performs testable read operations on disk

Cat / proc/cpuinfo displays the information of CPU info

Cat / proc/interrupts display interrupt

Cat / proc/meminfo verifies memory usage

Cat / proc/swaps shows which swap is used

Cat / proc/version shows the kernel version

Cat / proc/net/dev display Network Adapter and Statistics

Cat / proc/mounts displays the loaded file system

Lspci-tv lists PCI devices

Lsusb-tv display USB device

Date displays the system date

Cal 2007 displays the calendar for 2007

Date 041217002007.00 sets the date and time-month, day, hour, year. Second

Clock-w saves time changes to BIOS

2. Shutdown (shutdown, restart and logout of the system)

Shutdown-h now shuts down the system

Init 0 shuts down the system

Telinit 0 shuts down the system

Shutdown-h hours:minutes & shuts down the system at the scheduled time

Shutdown-c cancels shutting down the system at the scheduled time

Shutdown-r now restart

Reboot restart

Logout logout

3. Files and directories

Cd / home enter the'/ home' directory'

Cd.. Return to the previous directory

Cd.. /.. Return to the upper two-level directory

Cd enters the personal home directory

Cd ~ user1 enters the personal home directory

Cd-returns the directory where it was last located

Pwd displays the work path

Ls view the files in the directory

Ls-F View the files in the directory

Ls-l displays the details of files and directories

Ls-a shows hidden files

Ls * [0-9] * displays file and directory names that contain numbers

Tree displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory

Lstree displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory

Mkdir dir1 creates a directory called 'dir1''

Mkdir dir1 dir2 creates two directories at the same time

Mkdir-p / tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree

Rm-f file1 deletes a file called 'file1''

Rmdir dir1 deletes a directory called 'dir1''

Rm-rf dir1 deletes a directory called 'dir1' and deletes its contents at the same time

Rm-rf dir1 dir2 deletes both directories and their contents

Mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a directory

Cp file1 file2 copies a file

Cp dir/*. Copy all files in a directory to the current working directory

Cp-a / tmp/dir1. Copy a directory to the current working directory

Cp-a dir1 dir2 copy a directory

Ln-s file1 lnk1 creates a soft link to a file or directory

Ln file1 lnk1 creates a physical link to a file or directory

Touch-t 0712250000 file1 modifies the timestamp of a file or directory

4. File search

Find /-name file1 enters the root file system from'/'to search for files and directories

Find /-user user1 searches for files and directories belonging to user 'user1'

Find / home/user1-name\ * .bin searches for files ending with '.bin' in the directory'/ home/user1''

Find / usr/bin-type f-atime + 100 searches for execution files that have not been used in the past 100 days

Find / usr/bin-type f-mtime-10 searches for files that have been created or modified within 10 days

Find /-name\ * .rpm-chmod 755'{}'\; search for files ending with '.rpm' and define their permissions

Find /-xdev-name\ * .rpm searches for files ending in '.rpm' and ignores removable devices such as CD-ROMs and Agile drives

Locate\ * .ps looks for files that end with '.ps'-run the 'db' command first

Whereis halt shows the location of a binary, source, or man

Which halt displays the full path to a binary or executable file

5. Mount a file system

Mount / dev/hda2 / mnt/hda2 mount a disk called hda2-make sure the directory'/ mnt/hda2' already exists

Umount / dev/hda2 unmount a disk called hda2-exit from mount point'/ mnt/hda2' first

Fuser-km / mnt/hda2 force uninstall when the device is busy

Umount-n / mnt/hda2 runs the uninstall operation without writing to the / etc/mtab file-useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full

Mount / dev/fd0 / mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk

Mount / dev/cdrom / mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom or dvdrom

Mount / dev/hdc / mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw or dvdrom

Mount / dev/hdb / mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw or dvdrom

Mount-o loop file.iso / mnt/cdrom mounts a file or ISO image file

Mount-t vfat / dev/hda5 / mnt/hda5 mounts a Windows FAT32 file system

Mount / dev/sda1 / mnt/usbdisk mounts a usb shortcut or flash memory device

Mount-t smbfs-o username=user,password=pass / / WinClient/share / mnt/share mounts a windows network share

6. Disk space

Df-h displays a list of mounted partitions

Ls-lSr | more arranges files and directories by size

Du-sh dir1 estimates the directory 'disk space already used by dir1''

Du-sk * | sort-rn displays the size of files and directories in turn based on capacity

Rpm-Q-a-- qf'{SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | sort-K1Power1n displays the space used by installed rpm packages in turn based on size (fedora, redhat systems)

Dpkg-query-W-fallow packages ${Installed-Size;10} t ${Package} n' | sort-K1Magin1n displays the space used by installed deb packages based on size (ubuntu, debian systems)

7. Users and groups

Groupadd group_name creates a new user group

Groupdel group_name deletes a user group

Groupmod-n new_group_name old_group_name rename a user group

Useradd-c "Name Surname"-g admin-d / home/user1-s / bin/bash user1 creates a user belonging to the "admin" user group

Useradd user1 creates a new user

Userdel-r user1 deletes a user ('- r 'excludes home directory)

Usermod-c "User FTP"-g system-d / ftp/user1-s / bin/nologin user1 modify user attributes

Passwd change password

Passwd user1 modifies a user's password (only root is allowed to execute)

Chage-E 2005-12-31 user1 sets the expiration period for user passwords

Pwck checks the file format and syntax correction of'/ etc/passwd''as well as the presence of users

Grpck checks the file format and syntax correction of'/ etc/passwd''as well as existing groups

Newgrp group_name logs in to a new group to change the default group of newly created files

8. File permissions-use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel

Ls-lh display permissions

Ls / tmp | pr-T5-W$COLUMNS divides the terminal into 5 columns for display

Chmod ugo+rwx directory1 sets permissions for directory owners (u), groups (g), and others (o) to read (r), write (w), and execute (x)

Chmod go-rwx directory1 deletes group (g) and others (o) read and write permissions to the directory

Chown user1 file1 changes the owner property of a file

Chown-R user1 directory1 changes the owner properties of a directory and simultaneously changes the properties of all files in the directory

Chgrp group1 file1 changes the group of files

Chown user1:group1 file1 changes the owner and group properties of a file

Find /-perm-Utility lists all the files in a system that are controlled by SUID

Chmod Utility / bin/file1 sets the SUID bit of a binary file-the user running the file is also given the same permissions as the owner

Chmod Umurs / bin/file1 disables the SUID bit of a binary file

Chmod genders / home/public sets the SGID bit of a directory-similar to SUID, but for directories

Chmod Gmurs / home/public disables the SGID bit of a directory

Chmod STIKY / home/public sets the STIKY bit of a file-only legitimate owners are allowed to delete the file

Chmod Omurt / home/public disables the STIKY bit of a directory

9. Special properties of the file-use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel

Chattr + a file1 only allows you to read and write files as appends.

Chattr + c file1 allows this file to be automatically compressed / decompressed by the kernel

When chattr + d file1 makes a file system backup, the dump program will ignore this file

Chattr + I file1 is set to an immutable file and cannot be deleted, modified, renamed, or linked

Chattr + s file1 allows a file to be safely deleted

Once the chattr + S file1 application performs a write operation on this file, the system immediately writes the modified result to disk.

Chattr + u file1 if the file is deleted, the system will allow you to restore the deleted file later

Lsattr displays special properties

10. Package and compress files

Bunzip2 file1.bz2 unzips a file called file1.bz2'

Bzip2 file1 compresses a file called 'file1'

Gunzip file1.gz unzips a file called file1.gz'

Gzip file1 compresses a file called 'file1'

Gzip-9 file1 maximum compression

Rar a file1.rar test_file creates a package called 'file1.rar'

Rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compresses both 'file1',' file2' and directory 'dir1'

Rar x file1.rar decompress the rar package

Unrar x file1.rar decompress the rar package

Tar-cvf archive.tar file1 creates an uncompressed tarball

Tar-cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 creates an archive file that contains' file1', 'file2' and' dir1'

Tar-tf archive.tar displays the contents of a package

Tar-xvf archive.tar releases a package

Tar-xvf archive.tar-C / tmp releases the package to the / tmp directory

Tar-cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 creates a compressed package in bzip2 format

Tar-jxvf archive.tar.bz2 decompresses a compressed package in bzip2 format

Tar-cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 creates a compressed package in gzip format

Tar-zxvf archive.tar.gz decompresses a compressed package in gzip format

Zip file1.zip file1 creates a compressed package in zip format

Zip-r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 compresses several files and directories into a package in zip format at the same time

Unzip file1.zip decompresses a compressed package in zip format

11. RPM package-(Fedora, Redhat and similar systems)

Rpm-ivh package.rpm installs a rpm package

Rpm-ivh-nodeeps package.rpm installs a rpm package and ignores dependency warnings

Rpm-U package.rpm updates a rpm package without changing its configuration file

Rpm-F package.rpm updates a confirmed installed rpm package

Rpm-e package_name.rpm deletes a rpm package

Rpm-qa displays all installed rpm packages in the system

Rpm-qa | grep httpd displays all rpm packages with the word "httpd" in their names

Rpm-qi package_name gets special information about an installed package

Rpm-qg "System Environment/Daemons" displays the rpm package for a component

Rpm-ql package_name displays a list of files provided by the installed rpm package

Rpm-qc package_name displays a list of configuration files provided by the installed rpm package

Rpm-Q package_name-- whatrequires displays a list of dependencies on a rpm package

Rpm-Q package_name-- whatprovides shows the volume occupied by a rpm packet

Rpm-Q package_name-- scripts displays the script l executed during installation / removal

Rpm-Q package_name-- changelog displays the modification history of a rpm package

Rpm-qf / etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf confirms which rpm package provided the given file

Rpm-qp package.rpm-l displays a list of files provided by an uninstalled rpm package

Rpm-- import / media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY Import Public key Digital Certificate

Rpm-checksig package.rpm confirms the integrity of a rpm package

Rpm-qa gpg-pubkey confirms the integrity of all installed rpm packages

Rpm-V package_name checks file size, license, type, owner, group, MD5 check and last modification time

Rpm-Va checks all installed rpm packages in the system-use with caution

Rpm-Vp package.rpm confirms that a rpm package is not installed

Rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio-- extract-- make-directories * bin* runs the executable file from a rpm package

Rpm-ivh / usr/src/redhat/RPMS/ `arch` / package.rpm installs a built package from a rpm source code

Rpmbuild-- rebuild package_name.src.rpm builds a rpm package from a rpm source code

12. YUM package upgrader-(Fedora, RedHat and similar systems)

Yum install package_name download and install a rpm package

Yum localinstall package_name.rpm will install a rpm package and use your own software repository to solve all dependencies for you

Yum package_name.rpm updates all installed rpm packages on the current system

Yum package_name updates a rpm package

Yum remove package_name deletes a rpm package

Yum list lists all packages installed on the current system

Yum search package_name searches rpm repository for software packages

Yum clean packages cleans the rpm cache and deletes downloaded packages

Yum clean headers deletes all header files

Yum clean all deletes all cached packages and header files

13. DEB package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)

Dpkg-I package.deb install / update a deb package

Dpkg-r package_name removes a deb package from the system

Dpkg-l displays all installed deb packages in the system

Dpkg-l | grep httpd displays all deb packages with the word "httpd" in their names

Dpkg-s package_name gets information about a special package that has been installed in the system

Dpkg-L package_name displays a list of files provided by a deb package that has been installed in the system

Dpkg-contents package.deb displays a list of files provided by a package that has not yet been installed

Dpkg-S / bin/ping confirms which deb package provides the given file

14. APT software tools (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)

Apt-get install package_name install / update a deb package

Apt-cdrom install package_name installs / updates a deb package from CD

Software packages in the apt-get upgrade list

Apt-get upgrade upgrades all installed software

Apt-get remove package_name removes a deb package from the system

Apt-get check confirms that the dependent software repository is correct

Apt-get clean cleans the cache from the downloaded package

Apt-cache search searched-package returns the name of the package containing the string you want to search for

15. View the contents of the file

Cat file1 looks forward at the contents of the file from the first byte

Tac file1 starts from the last line to view the contents of a file in reverse

More file1 looks at the contents of a long file

Less file1 is similar to the 'more' command, but it allows the same reverse operation in the file as the forward operation

Head-2 file1 looks at the first two lines of a file

Tail-2 file1 looks at the last two lines of a file

Tail-f / var/log/messages view what has been added to a file in real time

16. Text processing

Cat file1 file2... | command file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT

Cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt merges the detailed description text of a file and writes the introduction to a new file

Cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > > result.txt merges the detailed description text of a file and writes the introduction to an existing file

Grep Aug / var/log/messages look for the keyword "Aug" in the file'/ var/log/messages'

Grep ^ Aug / var/log/messages look for words starting with "Aug" in the file'/ var/log/messages'

Grep [0-9] / var/log/messages Select all lines that contain numbers in the'/ var/log/messages' file

Grep Aug-R / var/log/* searches for the string "Aug" in the directory'/ var/log' and subsequent directories

Sed's example.txt example.txt 1 / 2 example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in the example.txt file.

Sed'/ ^ $/ d'example.txt removes all blank lines from the example.txt file

Sed'/ * # / d; / ^ $/ d 'example.txt removes all comments and blank lines from the example.txt file

Echo 'esempio' | tr' [: lower:]'[: upper:] 'merge the contents of the upper and lower cells

Sed-e '1d' result.txt excludes the first line from the file example.txt

Sed-n'/ stringa1/p' view lines that contain only the word "string1"

Sed-e's / * $/ / 'example.txt removes the white space character at the end of each line

Sed-e's example.txt Stringa1 example.txt removes only the word "string1" from the document and retains the rest

Sed-n'1 example.txt 5pbot 5q' view the content from line 1 to line 5

Sed-n'5p * 5q' example.txt view line 5

Sed-e's example.txt replace multiple zeros with a single zero

The number of lines in the cat-n file1 marking file

Cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' deletes all even lines in the example.txt file

Echo a b c | awk'{print $1} 'view the first column of a row

Echo a b c | awk'{print $1 and 3} 'view the first and third columns of a row

Paste file1 file2 merges the contents of two files or columns

Paste-d'+ 'file1 file2 merges the contents of two files or columns, distinguished by "+" in the middle

Sort file1 file2 sorts the contents of two files

Sort file1 file2 | uniq fetches the union of two files (only one copy of duplicate lines is retained)

Sort file1 file2 | uniq-u delete the intersection and leave other lines

Sort file1 file2 | uniq-d takes out the intersection of two files (leaving only files that exist in both files)

Comm-1 file1 file2 compares the contents of two files and deletes only the contents contained in 'file1'

Comm-2 file1 file2 compares the contents of the two files and deletes only the contents contained in 'file2'

Comm-3 file1 file2 compares the contents of two files and deletes only the common parts of the two files

17. Character setting and file format conversion

Dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt converts the format of a text file from MSDOS to UNIX

Unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt converts the format of a text file from UNIX to MSDOS

Recode.. HTML

< page.txt >

Page.html converts a text file to html

Recode-l | more displays all allowed conversion formats

18. File system analysis

Badblocks-v / dev/hda1 checks for bad blocks on disk hda1

Fsck / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the linux file system on hda1 disk

Fsck.ext2 / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the ext2 file system on hda1 disk

E2fsck / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the ext2 file system on hda1 disk

E2fsck-j / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the ext3 file system on hda1 disk

Fsck.ext3 / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the ext3 file system on hda1 disk

Fsck.vfat / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the fat file system on hda1 disk

Fsck.msdos / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the dos file system on hda1 disk

Dosfsck / dev/hda1 repair / check the integrity of the dos file system on hda1 disk

19. Initialize a file system

Mkfs / dev/hda1 creates a file system in the hda1 partition

Mke2fs / dev/hda1 creates a linux ext2 file system in the hda1 partition

Mke2fs-j / dev/hda1 creates a linux ext3 (journal) file system in the hda1 partition

Mkfs-t vfat 32-F / dev/hda1 create a FAT32 file system

Fdformat-n / dev/fd0 format a floppy disk

Mkswap / dev/hda3 creates a swap file system

20. SWAP file system

Mkswap / dev/hda3 creates a swap file system

Swapon / dev/hda3 enables a new swap file system

Swapon / dev/hda2 / dev/hdb3 enables two swap partitions

21. Backup

Dump-0aj-f / tmp/home0.bak / home make a full backup of the'/ home' directory

Dump-1aj-f / tmp/home0.bak / home make an interactive backup of the'/ home' directory

Restore-if / tmp/home0.bak restore an interactive backup

Rsync-rogpav-/ home / tmp synchronizes directories on both sides

Rsync-rogpav-e ssh-/ home ip_address:/tmp through SSH channel rsync

Rsync-az-e ssh-- ip_addr:/home/public / home/local synchronizes a remote directory to a local directory through ssh and compression

Rsync-az-e ssh-/ home/local ip_addr:/home/public synchronizes the local directory to the remote directory through ssh and compression

Dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr'dd of=hda.gz' performs a backup of the local disk on the remote host through ssh

Dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 backs up the disk contents to a file

Tar-Puf backup.tar / home/user performs an interactive backup operation to the'/ home/user' directory

(cd / tmp/local/ & & tar c. ) | ssh-C user@ip_addr'cd / home/share/ & & tar x-p 'copy the contents of a directory in a remote directory through ssh

(tar c / home) | ssh-C user@ip_addr'cd / home/backup-home & & tar x-p 'copy a local directory in the remote directory through ssh

Tar cf -. | | (cd / tmp/backup; tar xf -) locally copy a directory to another place, retaining the original permissions and links |

Find / home/user1-name'* .txt'| xargs cp-av-- target-directory=/home/backup/-- parents finds and copies all files ending in '.txt' from one directory to another directory

Find / var/log-name'* .log'| tar cv-- files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 finds all files ending in '.log' and makes them into a bzip package

Dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 makes an action to copy the MBR (Master Boot Record) content to the floppy disk.

Dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restores MBR content from a backup that has been saved to a floppy disk

22. CD

Cdrecord-v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom-eject blank=fast-force clear the contents of a rewritable disc

Mkisofs / dev/cdrom > cd.iso creates an iso image of the CD on disk

Mkisofs / dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz creates a compressed CD-iso image file on disk

Mkisofs-J-allow-leading-dots-R-V "Label CD"-iso-level 4-o. / cd.iso data_cd create a directory iso image file

Cdrecord-v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burns an ISO image file

Gzip-dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom-Burns a compressed ISO image file

Mount-o loop cd.iso / mnt/iso mounts an ISO image file

Cd-paranoia-B transcribes audio tracks from a CD CD to a wav file.

Cd-paranoia-- "- 3" transcribed audio tracks from a CD CD to wav files (parameter-3)

Cdrecord-scanbus scan bus to identify scsi channels

Dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum verifies the md5sum code of a device, such as a CD

Thank you for reading! This is the end of this article on "what are the common commands in Linux?". I hope the above content can be of some help to you, so that you can learn more knowledge. if you think the article is good, you can share it for more people to see!

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